The Problem with Polygamy in Indonesia Essay Example for Free

The Problem with Polygamy in Indonesia Essay Introduction Polygamy in Indonesia is legal. A man is permitted to have as many as four wives under the Muslim law. But Despite the low incident of polygamy in Indonesia, it has been a central issue in relations between the Indonesia women, and the state in the twentieth century. Indonesia women’s organizations have long wanted the state to legislate on this matter, yet it was most reluctant to do so until the passage of the marriage Law in 1974. After that the fire went out of the issue as far as women’s organizations were concerned, although â€Å"in very recent years† there has been a revival of interest. With respect to marital status, the census report stated that â€Å"among Indonesians† 75% of the adults’ males, and 68% of the adults’ females were married. However the number of married females was higher than the number of married adult males. The difference, amounting to 424,588 persons was in part due to the existence of polygamy. For Indonesia, approximately 25 % of the men had more than one wife (Salim 9). Why Polygamy Is Considered Wrong In Indonesia Indonesia women’s concern about polygamy are a complex mixture, touching on economic, emotional, social, sexual, moral, legal and religious aspect of marriage. The core of women’s concern was the threat of polygamy to a wife’s love and self esteem. Men have been given power to do what they want yet women are the ones suffering. When a husband took what is almost a younger girl as a new wife, repugnance at having to share a husbands sexual life with another women, and the threat to the economic basis of marriage when resources had to be spread amongst more wives and children. Women in a polygamous marriage always feel inferior towards other women in the same marriage and it often lead to jealousy, frustration and at times death (Day 28-29). Why Some Women Still Prefer Polygamy Relationships Some women still prefer polygamous relationship, if the man they are involved is a person of high position in a society. Sometimes you will hear women saying that it’s better to be married as a third wife to a rich man than a first wife to a poor man. That’s why at times you find women getting into these unions, maybe because of money, or a high position that a man holds. Women have been known to be associated in this form of relationship without caring. We can conclude that this mostly happens due to marriage security purposes (Survival). Better incomes would mean that these women could get married according to their choice and reduce the economic pressure experienced by women and children in polygamous marriages. Is Polygamy Related To Gender Discrimination In Indonesia? Ant-polygamist in Indonesia view polygamy as fundamentally undemocratic institution that perpetuates the subordination of women to men, and violates women’s basic rights. Unlike other issues, polygamy touches on a range of issues relating to gender difference, most particularly that of power within marriage. The practice of multiple marriages occurs only in families where the husband holds tremendous power, while the wife and children are in a powerless position. In other words, it is seen as a form of violence against women and children, and that Indonesia law continues to discriminate against women in allowing polygamy to exist in any form. Why should a man be privileged to have more than one legal sexual partner while women were prevented to have more than one legal sexual partner? Women in these relationships are also prevented from getting out of this relationship in case of violence, due to lack of immediate access to divorce (Susan 110-113). Conclusion Throughout the years, education and legal reforms have been regarded by most interested parties as the best ways of dealing with the problems associated with polygamy. They are viewed as the best in addressing the social causes and consequences. Since the state is heavily involved in education and legislation, it clearly has a role to play in dealing with the polygamy menace. Work Cited Day, Tony. Identifying with Freedom: Indonesia after Suharto. New York: Berghahn Books, 2007. Print. Susan Blackburn. Women and the State in Modern Indonesia. UK: Cambridge University Press 2004 .print Salim, Arskal. Sharia and Politics in Modern Indonesia. Singapore: Inst. of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003. Print.

Front Disk Brakes :: Automobiles Mechanics Essays

Front Disk Brakes For most people, driving a vehicle is a normal and every day process. On any given day, driving in city or town traffic one can experience a number of noises, by either their own, or somebody else’s vehicle. The most common sound made by the brakes of a vehicle is a light squeak, very high pitched and annoying. It may be time for new brakes, but wait; there could be a simpler fix. This paper is designed to educate the layman about brakes and give him or her some insight on how to fix them. I will concentrate on two common problems. Noise is probably what most people think of as the best indicator for repair, vibration is very a common problem, but noise will be discussed first. This paper will concentrate on the disk brake, but drum brakes are still very common in today’s cars and trucks. The fundamental difference between the two is how, and from what direction the force of the braking material contacts the braking surface. The disk brake uses a caliper that pinches the disk, which rides between the two brake pads on both sides. This lateral force squeezes the disk, and therefore stops it. The drum brake is shaped like a flat or square bell. It has brake shoes inside the drum and, when activated the shoes make contact with the inside of the drum’s surface. The misnomer about drum brakes are that people think the disk brake is better because they have more stopping power, but in terms of horsepower, the drum brake is more efficient. This comes with a drawback though, drum brakes get hotter faster than disk brakes, this cusses brake fade. In other words, disk brakes dispense heat better. The use of lighter weight materials, smaller cars, anti-locking systems, and power-assisted brakes has left the drum brake a part of the past. Keep this in mind first, especially if your vehicle has less than sixty or seventy thousand miles on it. The disk brake pad is usually the first component to wear first. Most domestic pads have little pieces of spring steel attached to them in order to warn the driver the pad has approximately 15% of the brake pad left. Under normal conditions the pad can be replaced and the surface of the rotor machined to ensure the coefficient of friction and lateral run-out are within specifications.

Little Rock Nine Essay

The picture I am painting is of Little Rock Nine. It was about nine black kids who enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957 which was a very segregated time; it was an all white school. When white people found out black kids was going to be attending the school they was furious. They reacted poorly; there were mobs of white people waiting for the kids outside of the school. They yelled racist slurs at the black kids, threw food, and even attacked them. In the picture I’m drawing is Elizabeth Eckford, she was one of the nine students. She didn’t graduate from Little Rock Central High School though only Earnest Green, Jefferson Thomas, and Carlotta Walls graduated. In the picture she is wearing glasses and walking through the crowd as they screamed in her face, she never lost her composure; she kept calm as if they weren’t even around. Little Rock Nine was important in the Civil Rights movement because they were the first black students to be allowed to attend an all white high school, after the use of segregation was deemed unconstitutional. The event is considered very important to the Civil Rights Movement, because it was supported by the president at the time Dwight D. Eisenhower and because it gave insight into the plight of the African American, and how poorly they were treated. What struck me about this moment in history is how the nine kids didn’t quit even though white people tormented them. That type of drive inspires me to never give up even when times get hard because there will always be a good outcome out of every bad situation, even if you don’t see it right away, because when your down you can only go up.

Ne vs Chesapeake Dbq - 884 Words

Indeed, New England and the Chesapeake regions both had settlers of English descent; by the 1700s the developments of these sodalities had sculptured them into two distinct societies. The premier reason for the differentiation of the evolvement was primarily due to the motives for the foundations of these regions. The Virginia Company of London received a charter from King James I of England to establish Jamestown in 1607 in the New World as a profit-making venture. Like most joint stock companies, the Virginia Company was designed to last for a few years dedicated to the proposition that all stockholders should receive dividends adequate for their investments. Conversely, New Englands motives for its foundation arose for religious†¦show more content†¦became a royal colony directly under his control. In contrast, The New Englanders took political interests in account in they way from England when they prepared the Mayflower Compact. The pact eventually led to the patriarch al society assembling to make their own laws in open-discussions in town meetings and general court. Unlike, the Chesapeake, the New Englanders were fortunate to have leaders like William Bradford to emerge as Governor and enforce Gods biblical laws and Christian values to make the theocratic government successful. Lastly the developments of the communities themselves contrasted greatly. In the Chesapeake region expansion of the settlement was somewhat random and was usually undertaken by lone tidewater planters on their own imitative, but the New England society grew in a more orderly fashion. New towns emerged and the distribution of land was under the steady authority of proprietors. New Englanders followed their benevolent Christian ways and shared fields to prevent a wide gap in the social structure. Social reciprocity allowed mutual interchanges of favors and privileges between neighbors keep the settlers content with their way of life. Differing from the New Englander, the Ch esapeake community had a wide gap in social classes. There was an accumulating mass of poor men who grew